Stocks Decline in April as Bonds Struggle with Rising Rates
HIGHLIGHTS:
- After posting all-time highs in March and strong results for the first quarter, the major stock indices declined in April. The five-month streak of stock market gains starting last November was broken; however, this pause in the market run was not unexpected.
- Bonds struggled again in April as rates continued to rise. After slipping modestly in March to close the month at 4.20%, the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield rose sharply to close April at 4.69%.
- The U.S. economy showed ongoing growth, but displayed some mixed signals when data was reported in April. The first estimate of Q1 2024 GDP was disappointing at 1.6%, but the ISM Manufacturing Index turned positive in March for the first time in 16 months.
- The FOMC meeting concluded on May 1st as expected with no change in rates. Market expectations have fallen dramatically on the number of rate cuts expected in 2024 and was down to just one expected cut as April concluded.
EQUITY MARKETS
The five-month winning streak for stocks was broken in April as U.S. equities were lower across the board for the month. Market sentiment readings had become excessively bullish (a contrarian indicator) and were flashing a warning signal that some market volatility might be coming in the near term.
We believe the modest correction in April was most likely the market consolidating gains after a powerful run from the October lows. In other words, we still believe that market fundamentals are solid and believe that Aprils decline was a normal market consolidation. Weakness was seen broadly in stocks in April with small-caps weaker than large-caps, but style was of little consequence for the month. However, growth still showed better relative year-to-date results compared to value. International stocks fared relatively better than U.S. stocks in April, which has been rare in recent years. See Table 1 for equity results for April 2024, year to date and calendar year 2023.
Table 1
| Index | 24-Apr | YTD | 2023 |
| S&P 500 | -4.08% | 6.04% | 26.29% |
| S&P 500 Equal Weight | -4.87% | 2.66% | 13.87% |
| DJIA | -4.92% | 0.92% | 16.18% |
| Russell 3000 | -4.40% | 5.18% | 25.96% |
| NASDAQ Comp. | -4.38% | 4.52% | 44.64% |
| Russell 2000 | -7.04% | -2.22% | 16.93% |
| MSCI ACWI ex U.S. | -1.80% | 2.81% | 15.62% |
| MSCI Emerging Mkts Net | 0.45% | 2.83% | 9.83% |
2023 will be remembered for the dominance of large-cap growth and 2024 has continued in a similar fashion. Small-caps have struggled so far this year and were among the weakest pockets of the stock market in April. Emerging markets were able to post a modest gain for the month. We see opportunities in international markets with valuations that are lower than the U.S. and our expectation that the U.S. dollar will likely weaken over the short to intermediate term as the Fed begins cutting rates. We also believe that we could see the market broaden in 2024 with valuations more compelling in value, small-cap, mid-cap and international stocks.
Fixed Income
The ongoing delay in Fed rate cuts paired with somewhat disappointing inflation data have pushed rates higher in 2024. The rally in bonds to close out 2023 sent the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield sharply lower and it closed last year at 3.88%. The 10-year U.S. Treasury yield ended March at 4.20%, and it rose to 4.69% by the end of April.
Outside of March, yields have moved higher in 2024, which has put most bond sectors into the red so far this year. High yield bonds stand out as the one positive bond sector year to date, but even high yield bonds declined in April with such a sharp move higher in rates. See Table 2 for fixed income index returns for April 2024, year to date, and calendar year 2023.
Table 2
| Index | 24-Apr | YTD | 2023 |
| Bloomberg U.S. Agg | -2.53% | -3.28% | 5.53% |
| Bloomberg U.S. Credit | -2.49% | -2.89% | 8.18% |
| Bloomberg U.S. High Yld | -0.94% | 0.52% | 13.44% |
| Bloomberg Muni | -1.24% | -1.62% | 6.40% |
| Bloomberg 30-year U.S. TSY | -6.68% | -10.46% | 1.93% |
| Bloomberg U.S. TSY | -2.33% | -3.26% | 4.05% |
High yield bonds often follow what is happening with stocks, so they have been able to buck the trend experienced by most areas of the bond market so far in 2024 and remain modesty in positive territory year to date. The other areas of the bond market have been impacted by the general move higher in rates in 2024, and particularly the sharp move higher in April.
The 30-year U.S. Treasury Index was most impacted with rates moving higher with a monthly decline of -6.68% and year-to-date results down almost -10.5%. We expect the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield will be in a range between 3.25% and 4.5% during the year (acknowledging we are slightly above this range at the end of April), and we believe the trend will be lower as we continue to move through 2024.
We also believe that rates at the front end of the yield curve, which have not moved too dramatically, will decline as the Fed begins to cut rates later in 2024. However, those first rate cuts were moved further out in the year based on market expectations.
We maintain our long-standing position favoring credit versus pure rate exposure in this interest rate environment and that has served us well so far in 2024. We also believe the role bonds play in a portfolio, which is to provide stable cash flow and to help offset the volatility of stocks in the long run, has not changed. Furthermore, we believe that bond yields remain attractive and the recent move higher in rates is providing another chance to capture some of the better bond yields we have seen in years. In our opinion, having an active bond management approach makes sense in these volatile times.
Economic Data and Outlook
Data released in April (largely covering March), continued to show an economy that was growing, but some results were mixed. The first reading of Q1 2024 GDP was disappointing at a 1.6% annualized growth rate with expectations at 2.5%. Personal consumption was one area that disappointed. This GDP report will be revised two more times in the months ahead, but if it were to hold, it would break a streak of 6 straight quarters with GDP above 2%. The Atlanta Fed GDPNow estimate for economic growth (as of April 1) shows the economy running at an estimated 3.3% growth rate for the second quarter of 2024. Clark Capitals GDP growth expectation for 2024 is at 2.25%. We do expect growth to slow in 2024, but we also think the odds favor a soft landing and not a recession at this point.
One ongoing reason we continue to expect growth in the economy comes from ongoing gains in the job market. Non-farm payroll additions were 303,000 in March, easily surpassing expectations of 214,000. The unemployment rate moved down to 3.8% as expected and was a modest improvement from the prior months level of 3.9%. Average hourly earnings grew by 4.1% on an annual basis in March as expected. As a consumer-based economy, the strength in the job market has been a key driver of economic growth.
Some moderation in the job market could allow the Fed to cut rates sooner rather than later, but job market data has not weakened to much of any degree at this point. We are still in a situation with millions more job openings than unemployed people in the U.S. economy. The latest JOLTS reading of job openings for March declined to 8.488 million from 8.813 million the prior month. Chart 1 shows the unemployment rate and job openings. As job openings have come down over the last couple of years, we have seen only a modest tick up in the unemployment rate.
Chart 1
With the current strength in the job market, we maintain our opinion that it seems unlikely that the economy would slow too drastically. We continue to expect that the economy will slow from its pace in 2023, but that it will still grow in 2024 resulting in a soft landing. Even if a recession developed, we believe it would be mild due to the strength of the consumer. We believe opportunities exist in the stock and bond markets under either a slow growth or mild recession scenario, but we believe the odds favor a soft landing at this point.
Inflation data for March was modestly above expectations. Generally higher than expected inflation readings so far this year have been the primary driver in the delay in the Fed cutting interest rates. The headline Consumer Price Index (CPI) showed an annual increase of 3.5% in March, which was higher than expectations of 3.4% and above the February level of 3.2%. The core CPI showed an annual gain of 3.8% compared to expectations of 3.7%, but this matched the prior month.
The headline Producer Price Index (PPI) rose by 2.1% on an annual basis in March, better (lower) than the 2.2% expectation, but above the prior month’s 1.6% annual increase. The core PPI had an annual increase of 2.4%, higher than expectations of 2.3% and also above the prior month’s 2.1%. We do not expect this sort of data to decline in a straight line and some periods of volatility should be expected. We would argue that the trend is still showing improvements made regarding inflation and we believe that the next move by the Fed will be a rate cut — it will just be later than most expected at the beginning of the year.
Focusing on the preferred inflation measure of the Fed, the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Index for March was modestly higher than expectations. The headline PCE Index had an annual increase of 2.7% in March, above the 2.6% expectation. The core PCE reading (the reading the Fed targets) was 2.8% — again, slightly higher than the expectation of 2.7%. The headline reading was higher than the February annual increase, while the core reading matched the prior month. Chart 2 shows the core PCE Price Index and the core CPI, which have both been trending lower since their rapid rise following the pandemic period, but the pace of decline has slowed.
Chart 2
Progress has been made on the inflation front. The Fed has indicated it believes the rate hike cycle is over and rate cuts will occur in 2024. Four months into the year, market expectations, according to the CME FedWatch Tool, have dropped to show only 1 expected cut in 2024 with additional cuts coming in 2025. That is a far cry from where the year began when the market was anticipating too many cuts (6 or 7) compared to what the Fed was indicating through its “dot plot” projections of about 3.
The June FOMC meeting will have updated economic projections from Fed officials, and we believe they will lower their expectations for 3 potential cuts in 2024. It is notable that stocks logged a strong quarter even as rate cut expectations have been trimmed, but stocks slipped lower in April and the cause of some of that weakness could be due to the ongoing reduction of expected rate cuts.
The housing market seems to be fighting against higher mortgage rates and housing data was generally weaker in March. Building permits, housing starts, and existing home sales were all below expectations and lower than February levels. New home sales were able to improve last month to an annual rate of 693,000 compared to expectations of 668,000 and the prior month’s revised level of 637,000. The S&P CoreLogic 20-City Index of home prices rose by 7.29% on an annual basis in February, well ahead of expectations of 6.70% and the prior month’s annual increase of 6.58%. It will be important to see how housing reacts with the significant move higher in interest rates in April. Chart 3 shows the recent increase in mortgage rates, and it will be important to watch if higher rates weaken housing market activity, like building permits.
Chart 3
The ISM Manufacturing Index for March broke the streak of 16 straight months of manufacturing declines when it posted a reading of 50.3. This was above expectations of 48.3 and was driven higher in part by better-than-expected new orders. (Unfortunately, the reading for April slipped below the 50 mark once again to 49.2 when it was expected to be right at 50.)
The ISM Non-Manufacturing Index, which covers the much larger service industries in the U.S. economy, slipped to 51.4 in March, which missed expectations of 52.8 and was a drop from 52.6 in February. The service industries have consistently shown growth in recent years, but the pace of growth has slowed in recent months. The surprise growth in manufacturing in March was a welcome sign, but we acknowledged at the time that one month is not a trend, and we saw it slip back below 50 in April. Recall, the dividing line between expansion and contraction for the ISM indices is 50.
Retail sales (ex. auto and gas) grew by 1.0% in March, easily surpassing expectations of 0.3% and the prior month was revised to show a 0.6% gain from the prior estimate of 0.3%. The preliminary University of Michigan Sentiment reading for April ticked lower to 77.9 from the prior month reading of 79.4 and expectations of 79.0. After breaking a two-year streak of declines in February, the Conference Board’s Leading Index fell once again in March by -0.3% when a -0.1% decline was anticipated. As always, we believe it is imperative for investors to stay focused on their long-term goals and not let short-term swings in the market derail them from their longer-term objectives.
Investment Implications
Clark Capitals Top-Down, Quantitative Strategies
The S&P 500 advanced by over 28% in a 21-week rally from 10/27/23 to 3/28/24 in which there was not even a 2% correction. We do know that the markets are cyclical, and on average, the S&P 500 has experienced three 5% corrections a year, a 10% decline once a year, a 15% decline every 2 years, and a 20% or greater bear market every three years.
In April, the S&P 500 had a 5% drawdown into mid-month and as a result, seeds of fear were replanted with investor sentiment statistics turning pessimistic. During the correction, credit markets continued showing relative strength, even as interest rates rose.
Clark Capitals Bottom-Up, Fundamental Strategies
After two strong quarters, the S&P 500 Index declined -4.0% in April due to higher market valuation, rising employment costs and persistent inflation concerns. Equities retreated in April as higher interest rates across both U.S. Treasury and credit yield curves now present a competitive alternative to stocks. At this stage of the market cycle, factors such as free cash flow yield, ROE, and earnings growth tend to outperform prior to a Fed pivot.
ECONOMIC DATA
| Event | Period | Estimate | Actual | Prior | Revised |
| ISM Manufacturing | Mar | 48.3 | 50.3 | 47.8 | — |
| ISM Services Index | Mar | 52.8 | 51.4 | 52.6 | — |
| Change in Nonfarm Payrolls | Mar | 214k | 303k | 275k | 270k |
| Unemployment Rate | Mar | 3.80% | 3.80% | 3.90% | — |
| Average Hourly Earnings YoY | Mar | 4.10% | 4.10% | 4.30% | — |
| JOLTS Job Openings | Mar | 8680k | 8488k | 8756k | 8813k |
| PPI Final Demand MoM | Mar | 0.30% | 0.20% | 0.60% | — |
| PPI Final Demand YoY | Mar | 2.20% | 2.10% | 1.60% | — |
| PPI Ex Food and Energy MoM | Mar | 0.20% | 0.20% | 0.30% | — |
| PPI Ex Food and Energy YoY | Mar | 2.30% | 2.40% | 2.00% | 2.10% |
| CPI MoM | Mar | 0.30% | 0.40% | 0.40% | — |
| CPI YoY | Mar | 3.40% | 3.50% | 3.20% | — |
| CPI Ex Food and Energy MoM | Mar | 0.30% | 0.40% | 0.40% | — |
| CPI Ex Food and Energy YoY | Mar | 3.70% | 3.80% | 3.80% | — |
| Retail Sales Ex Auto and Gas | Mar | 0.30% | 1.00% | 0.30% | 0.60% |
| Industrial Production MoM | Mar | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.10% | 0.40% |
| Building Permits | Mar | 1510k | 1458k | 1518k | 1523k |
| Housing Starts | Mar | 1485k | 1321k | 1521k | 1549k |
| New Home Sales | Mar | 668k | 693k | 662k | 637k |
| Existing Home Sales | Mar | 4.20m | 4.19m | 4.38m | — |
| Leading Index | Mar | -0.10% | -0.30% | 0.10% | 0.20% |
| Durable Goods Orders | Mar P | 2.50% | 2.60% | 1.30% | 0.70% |
| GDP Annualized QoQ | 1Q A | 2.50% | 1.60% | 3.40% | — |
| U. of Mich Senitment | Apr P | 79 | 77.9 | 79.4 | — |
| Personal Income | Mar | 0.50% | 0.50% | 0.30% | — |
| Personal Spending | Mar | 0.60% | 0.80% | 0.80% | — |
| S&P CoreLogic CS 20-City YoY NSA | Feb | 6.70% | 7.29% | 6.59% | 6.58% |
Source: Bloomberg: A=Advanced, P=Preliminary
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